Obesity is an established risk factor for diabetes mellitus, which, in turn, is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. There has been growing interest in dietary habits given the worsening obesity epidemic and obesity-related health concerns. These types include vegans, who adhere to the most stringent dietary restrictions, omitting all animal-source foods and their by-products from the diet. Others include lactovegetarians (no meat, fish, or eggs but do consume dairy goods), ovo-vegetarians (no meat, fish, or dairy products but do consume eggs), lacto-ovo-vegetarians (no meat but do consume eggs and dairy products), and pescatarians (no meat except fish and shellfish). Vegetarianism in various forms has gained widespread popularity in recent years. It also focuses on the many deficiencies of the vegan diet, especially vitamin B12, and the related increased risk of malignancies. The goal of this review article is to discuss the current literature on the impact and long-term consequences of veganism on vulnerable populations, including children, adolescents, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and fetal outcomes in strict vegan mothers. While several studies have shown that a vegan diet (VD) decreases the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, veganism has been associated with adverse health outcomes, namely, nervous, skeletal, and immune system impairments, hematological disorders, as well as mental health problems due to the potential for micro and macronutrient deficits. Vegetarianism in any of its various forms, particularly veganism, has been increasing in popularity over the past few years, especially among the young population in the United States.
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